Gangaikonda Cholapuram, located near Jayankondam in Tamil Nadu's Ariyalur district, was established as the Chola dynasty's capital around 1025 CE by Emperor Rajendra I. This heritage town, approximately 125 kilometers northeast of Tiruchirapalli International Airport, is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Its monumental Arulmigu Peruvudaiyar Temple, notable for its exquisite sculptures, stands as a testament to the architectural brilliance of the Chola period and attracts visitors and devotees alike.
Founded to commemorate his victory over the Pala Dynasty, Gangaikonda Cholapuram’s name translates to "the city of the Cholas built to celebrate the acquisition of Ganga’s waters." Once a thriving city, it now exists as a small village, with remnants of its historical significance highlighted by the Mahashiva Temple. The Chola Empire at its zenith spanned much of southern India, necessitating the establishment of a new capital to enhance administrative efficiency.
Archaeological excavations reveal the city was fortified with inner and outer walls made of large, well-burnt bricks. The outer fortification, measuring six to eight feet wide, consisted of two walls filled with sand. Recent excavations by the Tamil Nadu State Archaeological Department aim to explore nearby Ayudhkalam, believed to house ancient weapon manufacturing workshops. These findings shed light on the urban planning and military architecture of the Chola dynasty.
The surviving temple was completed in 1035 CE, built to emulate its predecessor in Thanjavur. Following a campaign across India, Rajendra I demanded pots of Ganges River water from defeated kingdoms, which were poured into the temple’s well. The city faced destruction during the 13th and 14th centuries, possibly due to Pandiya invasions or the Delhi Sultanate’s military campaigns. Despite the tumultuous history, the temple has been restored and re-consecrated, reaffirming its spiritual significance.