Vijayalaya Choleeswaram, located in Narthamalai, Pudukottai district, Tamil Nadu, is an ancient temple dedicated to the Hindu gods Shiva and Vishnu, featuring the 8th-century Jaina Abode. This temple is among the oldest stone temples in South India, showcasing Dravida style architecture and rock-cut craftsmanship believed to have been constructed during the 9th century by the Mutharaiyar dynasty, with subsequent expansions by the Cholas. It is currently maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India as a protected monument.
Historically known as Nagaratharmalai, Narthamalai flourished due to the active business community called Nagarathar, who contributed significantly to the region's canals, temples, and religious establishments. The Mutharaiyars ruled from the 7th to 9th centuries, followed by the Medieval Cholas. While the temple is named after Vijayalaya Chola, the earliest records attribute its construction to Muttaraiyar lieutenant Sattan Paliyili in 862 CE, though this is a subject of debate among historians.
The temple complex includes three primary structures: the main temple, a rock-cut cave temple, and Jain caves. The cave dedicated to Lord Vishnu features twelve life-sized sculptures representing the twelve names of the Chaturvimshatimurti. The sanctum houses a Lingam, with intricately carved pillars leading to it. The rock-cut caves, also notable for their artistic significance, provide insight into the temple's early religious and cultural landscape, reflecting a blend of Hindu and Jain influences.
Architecturally, the temple displays distinctive features, such as a semi-spherical vimana with four stories and ornamental pillars. The complex's unique design elements, including the circular pilasters and Dvarapalas guarding the sanctum, further emphasize its antiquity. Additionally, the intricate carvings of mystical animals and the twelve Vishnu sculptures exemplify the skill of ancient artisans, making Vijayalaya Choleeswaram a significant cultural and historical site in Tamil Nadu.